Labeled ALPHA4BETA2 Ligands and Methods Therefor

ABSTRACT

Contemplated compositions and methods are employed to bind in vitro and in vivo to an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in a highly selective manner. Where such compounds are labeled, compositions and methods employing such compounds can be used for PET and SPECT analysis. Alternatively, and/or additionally contemplated compounds can be used as antagonists, partial agonists or agonists in the treatment of diseases or conditions associated with α4ββ2 dysfunction.

This application claims priority to our U.S. provisional patent application with the Ser. No. 60/634,368, which was filed Dec. 7, 2004, and which is incorporated by reference herein.

This invention was made with government support from the Biologic and Environmental Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Grant number DEFG02-03ER63598. The government may have certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) belong to the superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels and are distributed widely in the human and nonhuman brain. At least 17 different subunits are currently known, which can coassemble in several ways resulting in 3 distinct types of nAChRs: (a) heteromeric receptors found in neuromuscular junctions, (b) heteromeric receptors found in the neurons, and (c) homomeric receptors also found in the neurons. These receptors mediate some effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) and are also the biologic target of the tobacco alkaloid nicotine, which is known to mimic the actions of ACh at these receptors. Subunit compositions determine functional properties such as ion selectivity, conductance, channel open times, rate of desensitization, and sensitivity to certain neurotoxins.

Several nAChRs have been identified and characterized pharmacologically and have distinct patterns of distribution in the brain. For example, the nicotine α4β2 receptor subtypes are thought to play a role in various diseases, including various brain disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), behavioral disorders (e.g., schizophrenia or substance abuse), various neoplasms (e.g., lung cancer), and other diseases (see e.g., J Neurobiol. 2002; 53:633-640). It has been suggested that the loss of the α4β2 receptors may be an early presymptomatic marker for Alzheimer's disease (Prog Neurobiol. 2000; 61:75-111). These neuronal receptors may also be involved in the addiction to nicotine in chronic tobacco users, and tobacco use may increase the number of the α4β2 receptor sites (Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996; 36:597-613).

Therefore, and not surprisingly, the development of noninvasive imaging methods using PET and SPECT of the α4β2 receptor system has gained significant interest. For example, in previously known methods, PET studies have been performed with 11C-nicotine. However, the moderate affinity of nicotine for the α4β2 receptors resulted in relatively rapid clearance, and thus precluded its usefulness as a radiotracer. Based on the discovery of epibatidine binding to the α4β2 receptor (see e.g., Mol. Pharmacol. 1994; 45:563-569), various PET and SPECT radioligands have been developed (e.g., Behav Brain Res. 2000; 113:143-157), including various epibatidine analogs (e.g., WO 2005/000806) and pyridylether analogs that have been radiolabeled with 11C, 18F, 76Br, or 123I. Structures of these ligands are depicted in FIG. 1. Still other radioligands have been prepared in an effort to optimize in vivo imaging properties (see e.g., Bioorg Med. Chem. 2001; 9:3055-3058; J Nucl Med. 2004; 45:878-884; Bioorg Med. Chem. 2003; 11:5333-5343). However, toxicity issues and undesirable kinetic parameters have slowed the progression of these radiotracers for human studies. Nonetheless, human SPECT studies have now begun with 5-¹²³I-A85380, and PET studies have begun with 2-¹⁸F-A85380 and, more recently, with 6-¹⁸F-A85380 (for structures, see FIG. 1).

Still further known α4β2 nAChR ligands include those described in EP 1 185 521, WO 2002/076434, and WO 2002/57275, with agonist activity, and various plant derived compounds (e.g., tetrahydroberberine, tetrahydropalmatine, stepholidine) with agonist and antagonist activity were described in WO 2004/069144. Other known agonist compounds include metanicotine compounds and azaadamantane-type compounds as presented in WO 2001/082978, and various substituted hexahydro-1H-pyrrolizines as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,912.

It should be noted that almost all of the PET and SPECT radioligands developed thus far for the α4β2 nAChR subtype have been agonists, and only few selected α4β2 ligands with antagonistic activity were described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,365. Other known antagonists include lophotoxin, neosurugatoxin, and erysodine (J. Med. Chem. (1997) 40: 4169-4194). It has been suggested that α4β2 nAChRs may occur in 4 possible conformations: (a) a resting state, when no agonist is present; (b) an activated state, when an agonist is present and the ion channel is open; (c) a transiently desensitized state, when the ion channel is closed for small lengths of time (i.e., seconds); and (d) a desensitized state, when the ion channel is closed for longer periods of time. ACh is known to bind with different affinities to these different states (e.g., ACh has higher affinity for desensitized states). Remarkably, there are no published data that would indicate whether antagonists also would have different affinities for the various states, and/or whether their in vivo binding pattern would be different compared with that of the agonists such as 2-¹⁸F-A85380. Only recently, a derivative was prepared that included a ¹⁸F-radiolabel attached to the N-pyrrolidine ring ([¹⁸F]3-[1-(3-fluoropropyl)-(S)-pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy]-pyridine in: J. Label Compd Radiopharm. 2003; 46:1261-1268). While that compound revealed good in vitro affinity for the α4β2 receptor, no specific data were provided on the differential active states in the nicotinic ACh receptor. Moreover, in vivo studies failed to provide conclusive images or data that would co-localize the PET signals with known locations for the α4β2 receptor.

Therefore, while there are numerous radioligands for receptors of the α4β2 receptor type known in the art, all or almost all of them suffer from one or more disadvantages. Consequently, there is still a need to provide improved compositions and methods for radioligands for receptors of the α4β2 receptor type.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compositions and methods for targeting the α4β2 receptor, wherein compounds in such compositions will selectively bind to the α4β2 receptor and (in most instances) evoke an antagonistic effect. Where the compounds are labeled, it is contemplated that binding and/or location of the α4β2 receptor may be analyzed in vitro and in vivo.

In one aspect of the inventive subject matter, contemplated compounds will have a structure according to Formula I

in which X is CH═CH, CH═N, N═CH, O, S, or NR₃, where R₃ is H or optionally substituted lower alkyl; Y is O, S, or NR₃;

is an optional double bond; Q is optionally substituted lower alkyl; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, halogen isotope, leaving group, trialkyltin, and trialkylamine; or Q and R₁ taken together are null where

is a double bond and where n is 1 or 2; Z is independently halogen, halogen isotope, NO₂, or trialkylamine; m and n are independently 0 to 3, inclusive; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, and a nitrogen protecting group.

Especially preferred compounds further include those in which X is N═CN, Y is O, R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl, Q is propyl, m is 1 and n is 0, and wherein R₁ is fluoride or radiolabeled fluoride (and in which

is a double bond), or in which X is N═CN, Y is O, R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl, Q and R₁ taken together are null, wherein

is a double bond, and wherein n is 1 or 2. Thus, among other preferred compounds, preferred compounds include various optionally substituted 3-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy)-pyridines, optionally substituted 3-(2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethoxy)-pyridines, optionally substituted 3-(azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-pyridines, wherein some of the substituents may include a halogen (optionally radioisotope).

In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition includes at least one of contemplated compounds (preferably in oral or parenteral formulation) at a concentration effective to treat a disease associated with α4β2 receptor dysfunction. In preferred aspects of such compositions, the concentration is effective to provide an antagonist effect at the α4β2 receptor, while the disease is a cognitive dysfunction, anxiety disorder, neurodegenerative disease, schizophrenia, pain, depression, epilepsy, Tourette's syndrome, small-cell lung carcinoma, or tobacco dependence.

Further contemplated aspects include methods of diagnosing a mammal having a disease associated with an α4β2 receptor dysfunction in which contemplated compounds are administered to the mammal (typically in a labeled form) at a dosage effective to locate and/or quantify in vivo binding of the labeled compound to the α4β2 receptor. Preferably, the label is a halogen isotope suitable for detecting the compound in vivo using PET or SPECT, and contemplated compounds are parenterally administered.

Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 depicts chemical structures of various known α4β2 radioligands in which (A) denotes epibatidine analogs, (B) denotes pyridylether analogs, (C) denotes azetidinylether analogs, and (D) denotes exemplary structures of compounds contemplated herein.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary synthesis scheme for 5-(3′-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)-pyridine (9, nifrolidine) and a corresponding tosylate precursor, 5-(3-[[4-methylphenyl]sulfonyloxy]propyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (10) for radiolabeling with ¹⁸F.

FIG. 3 depicts various radiographic images of inhibition of ¹²⁵I-IEB in rat brain slices by contemplated compounds (here: nifrolidine). (A) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB without nifrolidine and cytisine in cortex (Cx), hippocampus (Hpx), medial habenula (MHb), dorsolateral geniculate (DLG), ventral posteriomedial nucleus of thalamus (VPM), and optic tract (opt). (B) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB with 200 nmol/L cytisine. (C) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB in presence of 30 nmol/L nifrolidine. (D) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB in presence of 30 nmol/L nifrolidine and 200 nmol/L cytisine. (E) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB without nifrolidine and cytisine in pineal (Pin), superior colliculus (SuG), central gray (cg), and interpeduncular nucleus (IPn). (F) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB with 200 nmol/L cytisine. (G) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB in presence of 30 nmol/L nifrolidine. (H) depicts binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB in presence of 30 nmol/L nifrolidine and 200 nmol/L cytisine. (I) is a graph showing percent inhibition of ¹²⁵I-IEB by nifrolidine at α4β2, α3β2, and α3β4 receptor subtypes obtained from autoradiographic experiments.

FIG. 4 (A) is an exemplary reaction scheme depicting radiosynthesis of ¹⁸FN—BOC-nifroidine and HPLC purification of ¹⁸F—N—BOC-nifrolidine. (B) is an exemplary reaction scheme depicting radiosynthesis of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine and HPLC purification of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine.

FIG. 5 shows results of in vitro autoradiographic studies of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine in rat brain slices. (A) illustrates binding of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine in 20-μm coronal slices (74 kBq/mL, 25° C.; HP=hippocampus). (B) illustrates total binding of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine in 10-μm horizontal slices (37 kBq/mL, 25° C.) and binding in presence of 10 μmol/L nicotine. FC=frontal cortex; ST=striata; AV=anteroventral thalamic nucleus; TH=thalamus; PS=postsubiculum; CB=cerebellum). (C) is a graph showing amounts of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine binding (DLU/mm²) in brain regions shown in FIG. 5B.

FIG. 6 depicts (A) MRI brain slice templates of rhesus monkey brain (axial, coronal, and sagittal sections) show putamen (Pu), thalamus (Th), occipital cortex (OC), temporal cortex (TC), frontal cortex (FC), cerebellum (Cb), and brain stem (BS). (B) Corresponding PET image slices acquired using ¹⁸F-nifrolidine. Images are shown in hot-metal color scale, where white indicates highest amount of radiotracer activity. (C) Depicts distribution of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine in rhesus monkey brain. Summed PET images (100-150 min) show binding of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine in select brain slices. Brain regions include cingulate gyrus (CG), FC, anterioventral thalamus (AVT), insular cortex (IC), caudate (Cd), anteriomedial thalamus (AMT), ventrolateral thalamus (VLT), occipital cortex (OC), lateral geniculate (LG), temporal cortex (TC), and cerebellum (Cb).

FIG. 7 depicts selected time-activity graphs in which (A) represents time-activity curves of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine binding in select areas of monkey brain corresponding to regions identified in FIG. 6C (AMT, VLT, TC, OC, LG, and Cb), and (B) represents a ratio plot of brain regions (in A) to Cb.

FIG. 8 depicts exemplary results from horizontal brain slices of rat brain showing binding of ¹⁸F-nifene to alpha-4-beta2 receptors in the thalamus, presubiculum, and cortex in brain slice A which reflects the concentration of the receptors. Nicotine at a concentration of 60 μM was able to rapidly reverse the binding of ¹⁸F-nifene as seen in brain slice B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have discovered that radiolabeled α4β2 receptor antagonists can be prepared that provide specific interaction with α4β2 receptor type receptors in both in vitro and in vivo environments. More specifically, contemplated compounds preferably include an halogen and/or (halo)alkyl substituted pyridine, wherein the substituted pyridine is further coupled to a (dehydro)pyrrolidine or azetidine via an ether, thioether, or amino group.

Particularly preferred compounds therefore include 5-(3′-¹⁸F-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine, 5-(3′-¹⁸F-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine, 2-(¹⁸F)-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine, 2-(¹⁸F)-3-(2-(S)-3,4-dehydropyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine, 3-(Azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(3-¹⁸F-propyl)-pyridine, and 3-(Azetidin-2-ylmethoxy)-2-(¹⁸F)-pyridine, wherein the ¹⁸F may also be replaced by ¹⁹F or other halogen (optionally isotope). Such compounds are especially useful is targeting the α4β2 receptor system for diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications. Remarkably, most of contemplated compounds are antagonists, or expected to be antagonists for the α4β2 receptor. Such antagonistic action appears to be supported by the finding that inclusion of alkyl groups at the 5-position in the pyridine ring of certain pyridyl ethers leads to a change from an agonist to an antagonist character.

Based on these and other considerations, the inventor particularly contemplated use of a haloalkyl, and especially a 3′-fluoropropyl group at the 5-position in the pyridylether linked to a pyrrolidine ring. In such compounds, it was hypothesized that the fluorine at a 3-position will only have a minimal effect on the pyridine nitrogen. Furthermore, radiolabeling at that position affords substantial distance from the pyrrolidine nitrogen. While other substituents were also contemplated, the pyrrolidine ring is especially preferred as such compounds were expected to provide a moderate-affinity compound for the α4β2 receptor. On the other hand, where a compound with higher affinity is desired, an azetidine ring system may be employed in place of the pyrrolidine ring, which is expected to exhibit higher affinity to the α4β2 receptor. In yet further particularly preferred aspects, the pyrrolidine ring may also be desaturated to form a dehydropyrrolidine ring, which has demonstrated significantly faster binding kinetics (due to rapid reversible binding), which will result in faster PET and/or SPECT analyses.

Contemplated Compound

Compounds presented herein are contemplated to be useful for diagnosis and/or treatment of various diseases associated with the α4β2 receptor, as well as research and development of new drugs and/or drug-receptor interactions. Therefore, it is generally preferred that the compounds according to the inventive subject matter have a structure that (a) binds to the α4β2 receptor, (b) has an antagonistic effect, and/or (c) is detectable in vitro and in vivo using detection methods (most preferably based on radiation) well known in the art. Most preferably, detection of the compound in vivo and/or in vitro collocates with the location of the oα4β2 receptor.

In one aspect of the inventive subject matter, contemplated compounds will have a structure according to Formulae I, wherein the compounds may have one or more asymmetric centers or groups that may give rise to isomeric, tautomeric, or other steric isoforms (e.g., R—, and/or S-configuration, E/Z configuration, tautomeric isoforms, enantiomers, diastereomers, etc.), and wherein each of such forms and mixtures thereof are expressly contemplated herein.

in which X is CH═CH, CH═N—, —N═CH, O, S or NR3, where R3 is selected from H, C1-C4 alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl; Y is O, S or NR3; Q is C1-C6 saturated or unsaturated, chiral or achiral, straight or branched, cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted hydrocarbon radical; R₁ is a halogen (and most preferably a fluoride, or radiolabeled fluoride (¹⁸F)), trialkyltin, trialkylamine, a leaving group (and most preferably bromide, iodide, mesylate, tosylate, triflate, nosylate, or brosylate), or Q and R1 taken together are null where

is a double bond and where n is 1 or 2; Z is a halogen (most preferably fluoride, or radiolabeled fluoride (¹⁸F));

is an optional double bond; m and n are independently 0 to 3, inclusive; R₂ is H or C1-C6 saturated or unsaturated, chiral or achiral, straight or branched, cyclic or acyclic, optionally substituted hydrocarbon group, or is a nitrogen protecting group (e.g., tert-butoxycarbonyl, acetate, trifluoroacetate, trityl, etc.).

Most preferably, contemplated compounds have a structure according to Formulae II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX, with radicals as defined above, and in which R₁′ and R₁″ are independently as defined in R₁.

Where appropriate, it should be recognized that the pyridine ring system (or other ring system as indicated in the Formulae above) may be substituted with one or more substituents. Similarly, or additionally, the optionally desaturated pyrrolidine ring of contemplated compounds may be replaced with a heterocyclic (typically N as heteroatom) ring system. Contemplated compounds may further include polar or ionic groups, and it is contemplated that such groups may be neutralized by forming the corresponding salt forms. While generally all anions and cations are deemed suitable for use herein, especially preferred salts are formed from pharmaceutically acceptable acids and bases. For example, contemplated compounds in anionic form may form a salt with K⁺, Na⁺, Mg⁺⁺, or Ca⁺⁺, while cationic forms may form salts with tartrate, mesylate, citrate, etc.

The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to a cyclic, branched, or straight hydrocarbon in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds, and the term “lower alkyl” refers to a cyclic, branched, or straight chain alkyl of one to ten carbon atoms (e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl (or 2-methylpropyl), cyclopropylmethyl, i-amyl, n-amyl, hexyl, etc.). The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a cyclic or polycyclic alkyl group containing 3 to 15 carbons. For polycyclic groups, these may be multiple condensed rings in which one of the distal rings may be aromatic (e.g., indanyl, tetrahydronaphthalene, etc.).

Similarly, the term “alkenyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl in which at least one carbon-carbon bond is a double bond. Thus, the term “lower alkenyl” includes all alkenyls with one to ten carbon atoms. The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein refers to a cyclic or polycyclic group containing 3 to 15 carbons and at least one double bond. Likewise, the term “alkynyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl or alkenyl in which at least one carbon-carbon bond is a triple bond. Thus, the term “lower alkynyl” includes all alkynyls with one to ten carbon atoms.

As still further used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to a —OR group, wherein R is lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, acyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, or substituted cycloheteroalkyl. Similarly, the term “aryloxy” refers to a —OAr group, wherein Ar is an aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl group.

Furthermore, the terms “aryl” and “Ar” are used interchangeably herein and refer to an aromatic carbocyclic group having at least one aromatic ring (e.g., phenyl or biphenyl) or multiple condensed rings in which at least one ring is aromatic, (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl, anthryl, or phenanthryl). Similarly, the terms “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic ring” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a saturated, partially or entirely unsaturated, or aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., morpholino, pyridyl or furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthpyridyl, quinoxalyl, quinolinyl, or indolizinyl) which include at least one heteroatom within the ring(s). The term “heteroatom” as used herein refers to an atom other than carbon (e.g., S, O, or N), which can optionally be substituted with, e.g., hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, alkoxy, lower alkylthio, trifluoromethyl, amino, amido, carboxyl, hydroxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, nitro, cyano, alkylthio, thiol, sulfamido and the like. Thus, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a heterocycle in which at least one heterocyclic ring is aromatic.

Still further, the term “substituted” as used herein means that a hydrogen atom that is covalently bound to a group or atom (or a free electron pair or electron pair of a double bond of an atom) is replaced by a covalently bound non-hydrogen substituent, including hydroxyl, thiol, alkylthiol, halogen, alkoxy, amino, amido, nitro, carboxyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, cycloheteroalkyl, acyl, carboxyl, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alknyl, and cyano.

The term “prodrug” as used herein refers to a modification of contemplated compounds, wherein the modified compound exhibits less pharmacological activity (as compared to the unmodified compound) and wherein the modified compound is converted within a target cell or target organ back into the unmodified form. For example, conversion of contemplated compounds into prodrugs may be useful where the active drug is too toxic for safe systemic administration, or where the contemplated compound is poorly absorbed by the digestive tract, or where the body breaks down the contemplated compound before reaching its target.

The term “halogen” as used herein refers to any one of a fluoride, chloride, bromide, and iodide halogen radical, wherein the radical may be an isotope or a non-isotope. For example, suitable fluoride isotopes include ¹⁸F, iodide isotopes include ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I, and ¹³¹I, and contemplated chloride isotopes include ³⁶Cl and ³⁷Cl.

The term “Nifrolidine” as used herein refers to 3-(3-Fluoro-propyl)-5-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethoxy)-pyridine, the term “Nifrolene” as used herein refers to 3-(2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethoxy)-5-(3-fluoro-propyl)-pyridine, and the term “Nifene” refers to 3-(2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-ylmethoxy)-2-fluoro-pyridine, wherein the fluoride in each of these compounds may or may not be a radioisotope. Unless specified to the contrary, each of these compounds may be present in the R- and/or S-configuration.

It is further contemplated that compounds according to the inventive subject matter may also be prepared in a prodrug form in which such compounds are modified to improve at least one of solubility, selectivity towards neural tissue (or other tissue that expresses the α4β2 receptor), toxicity, and/or pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameter. There are numerous manner for preparation of prodrugs known in the art, and all of such known manners are contemplated herein. For example, suitable prodrug approaches are described in Prodrugs (Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences: a Series of Textbooks and Monographs) by Kenneth B. Sloan (ISBN: 0824786297), or in Hydrolysis in Drug and Prodrug Metabolism: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Enzymology by Bernard Testa (ISBN: 390639025X), which are to the appropriate extent incorporated by reference herein.

Similarly, it should be noted that contemplated compounds may also be less active in the form as described herein, and be more active as metabolite or metabolites that are formed in vivo. For example, contemplated compounds may be transformed by the hepatic phase I and/or phase II enzyme system, or by gastric acidity, intestinal microbial environment, or other biochemical process. Thus, suitable compounds may be oxidized, hydroxylated, ligated to a carbohydrate, etc.

Contemplated Compositions

The compositions according to the inventive subject matter may be administered using various routes, including orally, parenterally, by inhalation, topically, rectally, nasally, or via an implanted reservoir, wherein the term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, and intracranial administration (typically injection or infusion). Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally, or intravenously.

For example, sterile injectable forms of contemplated compounds may be aqueous solutions or oleaginous suspensions. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be prepared as a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among other acceptable vehicles and solvents, especially contemplated liquids include water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils may be employed as a co-solvent or suspending medium (e.g., natural or synthetic mono- or diglycerides). Fatty acids may also be used, and suitable fatty acids include oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, olive oil, castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. Such oil solutions or suspensions may further contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant.

In another example, contemplated compounds may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form, including capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions, or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, all pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (e.g., lactose, corn starch, etc) are deemed suitable. Similarly, various lubricating agents may be added (e.g., magnesium stearate). For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, the lower intestinal tract, or areas exposed during surgical intervention. There are numerous topical formulations known in the art, and all of such formulations are deemed suitable for use herein.

For topical applications, contemplated compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the inventive subject matter may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

With respect to the amount of contemplated compounds in the composition, it should be recognized that the particular quantity will typically depend on the specific formulation, active ingredient, and desired purpose. Therefore, it should be recognized that the amount of contemplated compounds will vary significantly. However, it is generally preferred that the compounds are present in a minimum amount effective to deliver a therapeutic effect and/or to be visualized in vitro and/or in vivo.

Thus, in most preferred embodiments, contemplated compounds will be present in an amount of between about 0.1 ng/ml to about 100 mg/ml, more typically in an amount of between about 10 ng/ml to about 10 mg/ml, and most typically between about 1 μg/ml to about 100 μg/ml. Where the formulation is a solid, contemplated compounds will be present in an amount of between about 0.1 ng/g to about 100 mg/g, more typically in an amount of between about 10 ng/g to about 10 mg/g, and most typically between about 1 μg/g to about 100 μg/g. With respect to a dosage unit, it is generally contemplated that contemplated compounds are administered at a dosage effective to achieve a desired therapeutic effect or at a dosage effective to provide visualization in vitro and/or in vivo.

Therefore, suitable amounts of contemplated compounds will be in the range of 0.1 μg per dosage unit to about 0.5 gram per dosage unit, more typically between 10 μg per dosage unit to about 0.05 gram per dosage unit, and most typically between 50 μg per dosage unit to about 100 mg per dosage unit. Thus, suitable dosages will be in the range of about 0.01 μg/kg and 100 mg/kg, more typically between 1 μg/kg and 50 mg/kg, and most typically between 10 μg/kg and 10 mg/kg.

It should be especially appreciated that where the compounds include radioisotopes as a labeling and/or therapeutic moiety, the amount of radiation emitted per dosage unit will generally be considered medically reasonable. Therefore, suitable radiation dosages will be between about 0.1 mGy to about 1 cGy over the course of exposure. Therefore, and especially where relatively small quantities of contemplated compounds are administered, relatively high specific activities are preferred. For example, suitable specific activities of radiolabeled compounds will be between 10 and 300 GBq/μmol, more typically between 50 and 250 GBq/μmol, and most typically between 100 and 200 GBq/μmol (corresponding to radiochemical yields of between about 20-40%).

Contemplated Uses

Contemplated compounds may be particularly useful as ligands for the α4β2 nAChR, and most preferably as an antagonist for the α4β2 nAChR. Regardless of the activity profile of contemplated compounds, it should be appreciated that due to the specific binding of the compounds presented herein (K_(m) to α4β2 nAChR is typically at least 10-100 times less than compared to other receptors or biological structures) numerous diagnostic, therapeutic, and academic uses are contemplated.

For example, and especially where contemplated compounds are radiolabeled, it should be appreciated that such compounds may be useful for location and/or quantification of α4β2 nAChR in a biological tissue. Suitable diagnostic methods will generally depend on the particular label, and it should be appreciated that the label may be introduced in numerous manners. Among other appropriate labels, ¹⁸F, ¹¹C, ^(123/125/131)I may be included into the compounds where the compound should be detected in vivo via PET or SPECT analysis. On the other hand, where the compound should be detected in vitro via autoradiography or scintigraphy, suitable labels include ¹⁴C, ¹⁸F, or ^(123/131)I. Most preferably, the label will be a radioisotope of an atom that is already present in the compound. However, where desirable, radiolabeled groups with atoms other than those present in the compound may be added to the structured presented herein (e.g., ^(32/33)P via phosphate groups, or ³⁵S via sulfate or sulfoxide group). Location and quantification of the α4β2 receptor in vivo may be particularly useful in diagnostic use, while quantification of the receptor and/or binding of contemplated labeled compounds in vitro may be especially useful in characterization of a mutant form of a receptor, or in competitive analysis with a second ligand. Therefore, labeled compounds may also be particularly useful in the development and/or characterization of new ligands. With respect to the imaging and/or quantification method, it should be noted that all known devices and methods are deemed suitable for use herein. While not especially preferred, alternative labels include optically detectable labels, including fluorescent labels, luminescent labels, colloidal gold, and/or UV/VIS absorbing labels.

In other examples of contemplated uses, and particularly where compounds presented herein are not radioisotope-containing compounds, it should be recognized that the binding of the compounds to the α4β2 nAChR as antagonist (or in some cases as agonist) may be used in a therapeutic manner for treatment of diseases or conditions that are associated with the α4β2 nAChR. For example, diseases and conditions to be treated with contemplated compounds include cognitive dysfunctions and/or attentional disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, lack of mental focus, ADHD), neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's), schizophrenia, pain, depression, epilepsy, Tourette's syndrome, small-cell lung carcinoma, and tobacco dependence.

Experimental Data Materials and Methods

All chemicals and solvents were of high grade from Aldrich Chemical Co.

Electrospray mass spectra were obtained on a model 7250 mass spectrometer (Micromass LCT). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were acquired on a General Electric NMR Omega 500 MHz.

High-specific-activity ¹⁸F-fluoride was produced in the MC-17 cyclotron or the CTI RDS-112 cyclotron using an ¹⁸O-enriched water target (¹⁸O to ¹⁸F using p,n reaction). The high-specific-activity ¹⁸F-fluoride was used in subsequent reactions. Chromatographic separations were performed on semipreparative reverse-phase columns using the Gilson high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems.

¹⁸F radioactivity was counted in a Capintec dose calibrator, whereas low-level counting was performed in a well counter (Cobra Quantum; Packard Instruments Co.). Radioactive thin-layer chromatographs were obtained by scanning in a Bioscan System 200 Imaging scanner (Bioscan, Inc.). Rat brain slices were obtained on a Leica 1850 cryotome. 18F autoradiographic studies were performed by exposing tissue samples on storage phosphor screens. The apposed phosphor screens were read by a Cyclone Storage Phosphor System (Packard Instruments Co.). Monkey PET studies were performed using a high-resolution ECAT EXACT HR-scanner (Siemens/CTI).

All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of University of California at Irvine and Wright State University.

Synthesis

The following synthetic scheme is provided to give exemplary guidance to a person of ordinary skill in the art to prepare and use contemplated compounds. However, while the below protocol is limited to certain of contemplated compounds, it should be understood that numerous other of the compounds presented herein may be synthesized following the guidelines given below. For example, the pyrrolidine moiety may be substituted with one or more substituents (e.g., using sulfoxy instead of methoxy group, having additional halogen or alkyl groups, etc), or may be at least partially desaturated (e.g., to form the corresponding dehydropyrrolidine group, etc. Thus, it should be recognized that numerous modifications may be made without departing from the inventive concept herein.

5-Bromo-3-Hydroxypyridine: Using reported procedures, 3,5-dibromopyridine 1 (5 g, 21 mmol) was dissolved in 100 mL anhydrous methanol (FIG. 2). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and 16 g of sodium hydride (60% [w/w]) mineral oil suspension) were added in portions. This mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature and refluxed at 80° C. for 4 h. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The residue was taken in 100 mL of water. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×100 mL). The organic portions were combined, dried (anhydrous magnesium sulfate), filtered, and evaporated, and the residue (3.5 g) was characterized as 5-bromo-3-methoxypyridine 2. The 5-bromo-3-methoxypyridine 2 was refluxed with 20 mL concentrated (57%) hydrogen bromide for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated NaHCO3 solution, and the basic mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 mL). The organic portions were pooled together, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered, evaporated to provide the 5-bromo-3-hydroxypyridine 3 (3 g, 82%) in >95% purity as ascertained by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (Rf=0.5, ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1). NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) −ppm: 8.28 (d, 1H, J=1.8 Hz), 8.24 (d, 1H, J=2.7 Hz), 7.38 (dd, 1H, J=1.8, 2.7 Hz). MS, m/z, 173, 175 (25%, [M+H]⁺).

5-Bromo-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-Pyrrolidinylmethoxy)Pyridine (BOC=Butoxycarbonyl): Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (4.3 g, 19.7 mmol) was added to a cold (0° C.) mixture of 2-(S)-pyrrolidinemethanol 4 (2 g, 19.7 mmol) and triethylamine (2.8 mL, 20 mmol). After the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, 20 mL of dichloromethane were added and washed with saturated NaHCO3 (2×20 mL) and water (1×20 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to provide 1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinemethanol 5 (3.5 g, 88%) in >95% purity (MS, m/z, 224 (65%, [M+Na]⁺). Diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) (1.8 mL, 12 mmol) was added to a solution of triphenylphosphine (3.1 g, 12 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) (30 mL) at 0° C., and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. A solution of 1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinemethanol (5) (2 g, 10 mmol) in 5 mL THF and 3-bromo-5-hydroxypyridine (3) (2 g, 11.4 mmol) in 5 mL THF was added at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 h. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL) and washed with saturated NaHCO3 (50 mL) and water (3×50 mL). The organic solution was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated to oil. The crude oil was purified by silica column chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate, 1:1) to afford the title compound 6 (1.56 g, 44%). NMR: (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) −ppm: 8.26 (dd, 2H, J=15, 1.8 Hz), 7.37 (t, 1H, J=2.4 Hz), 3.92 (dm, 2H, J=34.7 Hz), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.01 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 2H), 1.79 (m, 2H), 1.65 (s, 9H). MS, m/z, 379, 381 (5%, [M+Na]⁺).

5-Allyl-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-Pyrrolidinylmethoxy)Pyridine: A mixture of 5-bromo-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (6) (1.56 g, 4.4 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (40 mg, 0.03 mmol), and allyltributyl tin (1.5 mL, 4.4 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was refluxed for 24 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue so obtained was chromatographed (silica, ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1) to afford the title compound 7 (800 mg, 57%). NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) −ppm: 8.16 (d, 1H, J=2.5 Hz), 8.06 (d, 1H, J=13.7 Hz), 7.05 (d, 1H, J=27.7), 5.92 (m, 1H), 5.11 (m, 2H), 4.15 (m, 3H), 3.37 (d, 4H), 2.02 (m, 4H), 1.47 (s, 9H). MS, m/z, 319 (25%, [M+H]⁺), 341 (28%, [M+Na]⁺).

5-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-Pyrrolidinylmethoxy)-Pyridine: A solution of allyl derivative 7 (750 mg, 2.3 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was cooled (0° C.). To this solution was added diborane in THF (4.5 mL, 6.7 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h followed by 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was cooled (0° C.), and then 3N NaOH (5 mL) was added, followed by 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (200 μL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then at room temperature for 30 min. The THF was removed by rotary evaporation, and the resulting mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to afford crude sticky product that was purified by preparative TLC (PTLC), silica to provide (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1) pure 8 (200 mg, 26%). NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) −ppm: 8.10 (s, 1H), 8.04 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 4.11 (m, 2H), 3.95 (m, 1H), 3.65 (m, 2H), 3.39 (m, 2H), 2.78 (m, 2H), 1.99 (m, 6H), 1.47 (s, 9H). MS, m/z, 337 (95%, [M+H]⁺), 359 (45%, [M+Na]⁺).

5-(3-Fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-Pyrrolidinylmethoxy)Pyridine: The N—BOC alcohol 8 (40 mg, 0.12 mmol) in chloroform (200 μL) was treated with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) (15.5 μL, 0.12 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and kept overnight. For work-up, 2 mL of chloroform and 2 mL of water were added to the reaction mixture, and the organic layer was separated and washed with 10% NaHCO3 (2×1 mL). The organic layer was dried (anhydrous sodium sulfate), filtered, and evaporated, and the residue was purified by PTLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1) to afford pure 5-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (10 mg, 25%). NMR (CDCl3, 500 MHz) −ppm: 8.17 (d, 1H, J=2.2 Hz), 8.08 (d, 1H, J=15 Hz), 7.08 (d, 1H, J=38.8 Hz), 4.47 (dt, 2H, J=47.2, 5.8 Hz), 4.15 (m, 2H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 2.76 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 6H), 1.47 (s, 9H). MS, m/z, 339 (25%, [M+H]⁺), 361 (100%, [M+Na]⁺). Deprotection of the N—BOC fluorinated derivative was performed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The 5-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)-pyridine (7 mg, 0.02 mmol) was dissolved in 0.8 mL dichloromethane and 0.2 mL TFA. The solution was heated at 80° C. for 30 min. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was neutralized to pH 9 with saturated sodium carbonate. The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane, dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to afford crude product that was purified on PTLC (dichloromethane/methanol, 9:1) to provide pure 5-(3-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (4 mg, 81%). NMR (p-toluenesulfonate salt in CD3OH, 500 MHz) −ppm: 8.27 (d, 1H, J=1.6 Hz), 8.19 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.68 (dd, 2H, J=6.5, 1.7 Hz), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.9 Hz), 4.46 (dt, 2H, J=47.4, 5.8 Hz), 4.38 (m, 2H), 4.08 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 2.84 (t, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.3-1.9 (m, 6H). MS, m/z, 239 (100%, [M+H]⁺).

5-(3-[[(4-Methylphenyl)Sulfonyl]Oxy]Propyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-Pyrrolidinylmethoxy)Pyridine: The alcohol 8 (75 mg, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (1 mL) and treated with Et3N (100 μL) and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (42 mg, 0.22 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The mixture was washed with water (2×1 mL), dried (Na2SO4), and separated on PTLC (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1) to afford 10 (50 mg, 46%). NMR (CDCl3, 500 Mz) −ppm: 8.10 (d, 1H, J=2.8 Hz), 8.0 (s, 1H), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 7.22 (d, 2H, J=7.9 Hz), 4.21 (m, 1H), 4.11 (m, 2H), 4.05 (t, 2H, J=5.9 Hz), 3.60 (m, 2H), 2.72 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.99 (m, 6H), 1.55 (s, 9H). MS, m/z, 513 (100%, [M+Na]⁺).

In further experiments, various compounds with a L-3,4-dehydroproline structure for imaging the alpha-4-beta-2 receptor subtype have been developed and evaluated (Pichika et al., 2005; J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm., 48: S9). Such compounds included ¹⁸F-Nifrolene and ¹⁸F-Nifene. As can be seen from the experiments and data below, the advantage of the compounds in imaging studies is the faster binding kinetics due to rapid reversible binding, which resulted in shorter time duration of PET and SPECT studies.

In Vitro Binding Affinity

In vitro binding affinity of nifrolidine was measured in rat brain slices labeled with ¹²⁵I-iodoepibatidine (125I-IEB) or ¹²⁵I-α-bungarotoxin. The brains from male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=4 per group) were extracted and frozen in isopentane at 20° C.

Coronal sections (20-μm thick) were prepared from 4 brain levels on a cryostat at 20° C. These levels included cerebellum (Bregma 11.3), superior colliculus (Bregma 6.0 to 6.42), and 2 thalamic areas (Bregma 4.3 to 3.8). For 125I-IEB studies, slides were preincubated at room temperature for 10 min in buffer (50 mmol/L Tris HCl, 120 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 2.5 mmol/L CaCl2, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, pH 7.4) and then incubated with 0.08 nmol/L ¹²⁵I-IEB at room temperature for 90 min. Competition studies were performed by incubating alternate sections with ¹²⁵IIEB in the absence or presence of cytisine (200 nmol/L) and nicotine (300 μmol/L) and various concentrations of nifrolidine (0-30 nmol/L). Slides were then rinsed twice for 10 min in ice-cold buffer, dipped briefly in ice-cold water, blown dry, and laid out for autoradiography along with ¹²⁵I plastic standards of known radioactivity (FIG. 3). For ¹²⁵I-α-bungarotoxin binding competition studies, a similar method was used except that buffer consisted of 50 mmol/L Tris, pH 7.4, with 120 nmol/L NaCl. Slides were incubated at room temperature for 2 h with ¹²⁵I-a-bungarotoxin (5 nmol/L) in the absence and presence of various concentrations of nifrolidine (0-30 nmol/L) and α-cobratoxin (10 μmol/L) to define nonspecific binding. Slides were apposed to Kodak Biomax MR films for 2 or 48 h and then developed and fixed.

Autoradiograms were quantified with a computer-based image analysis system (MCID; Imaging Research) using calibrated standards of reference. A calibration curve of optical density against radioligand concentration (fmol/mg tissue) was constructed using values of known radioactivity. Optical densities in discrete regions of the autoradiographic images were measured, and corresponding values of radioactivity were determined by interpolation from the calibration curve. Specific binding values in each region were determined by subtracting binding in the presence of excess inhibitor from total binding values.

125I-IEB binding to heterogeneous sites can be discriminated by regional analysis of binding in the presence and absence of cytisine, which has modest selectivity for α4β2 nAChRs. Readings were obtained in various brain regions, including the pineal (Pin), interpeduncular nucleus (IP), medial habenula (MHb), optic tract (opt), superior colliculus (SuG), dorsolateral geniculate (DLG), central gray (CG), cortex (Ctx), and ventral posteriomedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM). Specific binding to α4β2 sites was measured in the VPM, Ctx and CG, and was defined in the absence and presence of 200 nmol/L cytisine. Specific binding to α3β2 sites was measured in the DLG, SuG and opt, and was defined as 125I-IEB binding in the presence of 200 nmol/L cytisine minus nonspecific binding in the presence of added nicotine (300 μmol/L). Specific binding to α3β4 sites was measured in the Pin, IP, and MHb and was defined as 125I-IEB binding in the presence of 200 nmol/L cytisine minus nonspecific binding in the presence of added nicotine (300 μmol/L). Specific binding of 125I-α-bungaratoxin to α7 nAChRs was measured in the ventrolateral geniculate (VLG) and the SuG and was defined as total binding minus nonspecific binding in the presence of α-cobratoxin (10 μmol/L). Concentration-response curves for nifrolidine inhibition of specific binding to each nAChR were constructed for each brain region. For a given nAChR type, inhibition values did not differ across brain regions. Complete inhibition curves were obtained only for α4β2 sites, and resulting inhibition constant (Ki) values were derived by nonlinear computerized regression using Prizm (GraphPad, San Diego).

Radiochemistry

5-(3-18F-Fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-Pyrrolidinylmethoxy)Pyridine(18F-Nifrolidine): The radiosynthesis of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine was performed using an automated synthesis procedures that used a chemistry-processing computer unit (CPCU). ¹⁸F in H₂ ¹⁸O from the MC-17 cyclotron was passed through QMA-light Sep-Pak (Waters Corp.), preconditioned with 3 mL of K2CO3, 140 mg/mL, followed by 3 mL of anhydrous acetonitrile. The 18F trapped in QMA-light Sep-Pak was then eluted (using nitrogen gas) with 1 mL Kryptofix 2.2.2.

(Merck)/K2CO3 (360 mg/75 mg in 1 mL of water and 24 mL of acetonitrile) and transferred to the CPCU reaction vessel. The SYNTH1 program in the CPCU was used for the synthesis that involved an initial drying step of the 18F-fluoride, Kryptofix 2.2.2, and K2CO3 mixture at 120° C. for 10 min. Subsequently, acetonitrile (2 mL) from CPCU reagent vial 2 was added and evaporated at 120° C. for 7 min to ensure dryness of this 18F-fluoride mixture.

After this, the precursor, 5-(3-[(4-methylphenyl)sulfonyloxy]propyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine 10 (3 mg in 1 mL of anhydrous acetonitrile contained in CPCU reagent vial 3) was added and the reaction proceeded for 15 min at 96° C. Subsequent to the reaction, CH2Cl2 (7 mL contained in CPCU reagent vial 4) was added to the mixture and the CH2Cl2 contents were passed through a neutral alumina Sep-Pak (prewashed with methanol) to remove any unreacted 18F-fluoride. The collected CH2Cl2 solution coming out of the CPCU now contained 5-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine. The CH2Cl2 was removed in vacuo and the residue was taken up for HPLC purification. The retention time of 5-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine was found to be 11-12 min using the solvent of 60% acetonitrile, 0.1 mol/L ammonium formate in water at a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min (FIG. 4A). The 5-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-3-(1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine fraction was collected into a flask and the solvent was removed in vacuo using a rotary evaporator. The residue was then dissolved in 1 mL CH₂Cl₂ and 0.2 mL of TFA. The solution was heated at 80° C. for 20 min. The residue was cooled at room temperature, solvents were removed in vacuo, and the residue was neutralized to pH 7 with 10% NaHCO3. This mixture was then purified with a gradient of 0.1 mol/L ammonium formate (100%)/acetonitrile (0%) at time 1 min to 0.1 mol/L ammonium formate (40%)/acetonitrile (60%) at time 35 min with a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. The retention time of 5-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (18F-nifrolidine) was found to be 21 min. The radiosynthesis was accomplished in 2.5 h from the end of bombardment with an overall radiochemical yield ranging 20%-40% decay corrected.

This collected fraction was taken to near dryness in vacuo. Approximately 5-8 mL of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl INJ [United States Pharmacopeia], 10-mL single dose; Abbott Laboratories) were added to the flask. The contents of the flask were then drawn into a 5- or 10-mL sterile syringe depending on volume. The contents of the syringe were then filtered through a 0.2-μm Millex-FG sterile filter (Millipore Corp.). This final dose was then used for in vitro and in vivo studies. The final dose of 18F-nifrolidine was used to determine specific activity using nifrolidine standards. An aliquot of 18F-nifrolidine was injected on a C18 analytic column (250×4.6 mm) and eluted with 0.1 mol/L ammonium formate (40%)/acetonitrile (60%) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The radioactivity peak of 18F-nifrolidine appeared at approximately 21 min. The mass peak corresponding to this peak was compared with nifrolidine standards. The specific activity of the 18F-nifrolidine was found to be 140±28 GBq/μmol (range, 111-185 GBq/μmol estimated in 10 radiosynthesis runs). To reduce total radiosynthesis time, only 1 HPLC purification for the 2-step radiolabeling reaction was investigated. After the first radiolabeling step, the product was extracted with CH2Cl2 as described and the solvent volume was reduced to approximately 1 mL by a stream of nitrogen gas. Into this reaction vial, TFA (0.2 mL) was added and then reacted as described. The residue was cooled at room temperature, solvents were removed in vacuo, and the residue was neutralized to pH 7 with 10% NaHCO3 and with a gradient of 0.1 mol/L ammonium formate (100%)/acetonitrile (0%) at time 1 min to 0.1 mol/L ammonium formate (40%)/acetonitrile (60%) at time 35 min with a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. The retention time of 5-(3-18F-fluoropropyl)-3-(2-(S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy)pyridine (18F-nifrolidine) was found to be 22 min (FIG. 4B). Because the specific activity of 1 HPLC separation was comparable with that observed with 2 HPLC separations, all subsequent radiosyntheses of 18F-nifrolidine used 1 HPLC purification.

In Vitro 18F-Nifrolidine Autoradiographic Studies

Coronal and horizontal brain slices (10- to 20-μm thick) were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Sets of brain slices were preincubated in buffer (50 mmol/L Tris HCl containing 120 mmol/L NaCl, 5 mmol/L KCl, 2.5 mmol/L CaCl2, 1 mmol/L MgCl2, pH 7.4) for 10 min (26). Subsequently, the slices were incubated with 18F-nifrolidine (37 kBq/mL in fresh buffer) at 25° C. for 60 min. Nonspecific binding was measured in the presence of 300 μmol/L nicotine (weighed as nicotine ditartarate). In some experiments, a lower concentration of nicotine (10/mol/L) was also used. After incubation, slides were washed twice (1 min each) with ice-cold Tris HCl buffer, pH 7.4, followed by a quick rinse in cold deionized water. The slides were then air dried and apposed to phosphor screens overnight and read by the Cyclone Phosphor Imaging System (Packard Instruments Co). The amount of bound 18F-nifrolidine in the autoradiograms was evaluated in various brain regions (as digital light units [DLU]/mm2) using the Opti-Quant acquisition and analysis program (Packard Instruments Co).

In Vivo 18F-Nifrolicline Rodent Biodistribution Studies

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were anesthetized with halothane and injected via tail vein with 18F-nifrolidine (approximately 3.7 MBq each; mass injected <0.01 μg of nifrolidine). The animals were allowed to recover from anesthesia and had free access to food and water. They were sacrificed at various times (5, 60, and 120 min after injection of 18F-nifrolidine) and the brains were excised. Thalamus, Ctx, cerebellum, and blood were isolated from each rat and placed in preweighed tubes and were counted for 18F radioactivity. Using a standard of the injectate and the weight of the isolated regions, the amount of 18F-nifrolidine was calculated as percentage dose per gram for each of the regions. In one group of rats, nicotine ditartarate, 10 mg/kg, was injected 5 min before administration of 18F-nifrolidine. Rats were sacrificed at 60 min after injection of 18F-nifrolidine and brain regions were evaluated as described.

Monkey PET Study

The male rhesus monkey (12 kg) was anesthetized using ketamine (10 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) and was subsequently maintained on 0.5%-1.5% isoflurane. Two intravenous catheters were placed, one on each arm, for purposes of administration of the radiopharmaceutical and for obtaining blood samples during the study. The head of the animal was placed in the gantry of an ECAT EXACT HR PET scanner and positioned in place with adhesive tape as described previously. A transmission scan using a 68Ge/68Ga rod source was acquired before administration of the radiopharmaceutical to correct for tissue attenuation of the coincident radiation. A dynamic sequence of scans for a total of approximately 150 min was acquired in the 3-dimensional mode immediately after administering approximately 148 MBq (mass injected, <0.3 μg of nifrolidine) of 18F-nifrolidine intravenously.

Data in the final form are expressed in units of the percentage injected dose per milliliter (% ID/mL) or kilobecquerels per milliliter (kBq/mL). Areas showing maximal radioligand binding in the mediodorsal thalamus, ventrolateral thalamus, temporal Ctx, occipital Ctx, frontal Ctx, and cerebellum were delineated in the images. Time-activity curves were obtained for all these regions. To provide anatomic detail of the 18F-nifrolidine in the brain, the PET images were coregistered to an MR image of the rhesus brain. This MRI template of the rhesus (Macaca mulatta) brain is an average of 6 monkeys with Ti-weighted MR scans. Postimage processing removed the skull and scalp from the template (courtesy of University of Wisconsin-Madison).

Results

Synthesis

The synthesis route to prepare nifrolidine 9 is shown in FIG. 2. Starting with 3,5-dibromopyridine 1,3-bromo-5-methoxypyridine 2 was prepared in approximately 60%-89% yield by treatment with sodium hydride in methanol. Using an alternate procedure of sodium methoxide in N,N-dimethylformamide, more reproducible results were obtained in this reaction. Demethylation of 2 with refluxing hydrogen bromide provided 3-bromo-5-pyridinol 3 in 82% yield. The mixture generally had to be refluxed for longer times than reported (36 h rather than 16 h) for the high yields. Protection of (S)-pyrrolidinemethanol 4 was performed with di-tert-butyldicarbonate to provide 1-BOC-2-(S)-pyrrolidinemethanol 5 in 88% yield (alternatively, 5 is also available from Aldrich Chemical Co.). Mitsonobu reaction coupling of 3 and 5 was performed by diethyl azodicarboxylate in the presence of triphenylphosphine to provide the bromopyridyl ether 6 in 44% yield, which is somewhat lower than reported. To introduce a 3′-propanolic group at the 5-position, an allyl group was introduced. Using reported procedures, allylation of this bromo derivative 6 was first performed by allyltributyl tin in the presence of catalytic amounts of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium to provide the 5-allylpyridyl ether derivative 7 in 57% yield. Hydroboration of the allyl group followed by alkaline hydrogen peroxide treatment using previously described conditions led to the important alcohol intermediate, 8 in 26% yield. The low yield in this step was probably a result of the formation of a BH3 complex of the alcohol 8. Some preliminary efforts to neutralize this BH3 complex were not successful. Similar BH3-complex formation has recently been reported for other amines. The substituted alcohol 8 was treated with DAST to convert the alcohol to the corresponding fluoride using methods that we have previously used. Removal of the N—BOC group was achieved by treating with TFA to provide 9 in 25% yield. Final product 9, nifrolidine, was used as a p-toluenesulfonate salt for in vitro binding assays. For radiolabeling with 18F, the tosylate 10 was prepared from the BOC-protected key alcohol intermediate 8 by reacting with toluenesulfonyl chloride in yields of 40%-50%. The tosylate 10 was found to be stable and suitable for 18F radiolabeling and was stored at 0° C. to 20° C.

In Vitro Binding Affinity

Binding of 125I-IEB in rat brain slices followed a previously reported pattern. Specific binding to α4β2 subtypes such as VPM, CG, and Ctx were defined in the absence and presence of cytisine (FIG. 3). Specific binding to α3β2 subtypes was measured in DLG, SuG, and opt in the presence of cytosine, and specific binding to α3β4 subtypes was identified in Pin, IP, and MHb in the presence of cytisine. As seen in FIG. 3C, nifrolidine at a concentration of 30 nmol/L was able to displace a significant amount of 125I-IEB bound at the α4β2 subtypes. A significantly lower effect was observed on 125I-IEB bound to the α3β2 and α3β4 receptor subtypes (FIGS. 3C and 3G). The dose-response curve of nifrolidine on the binding of ¹²⁵IIEB at the 3 different receptor sites is shown in FIG. 31. The binding affinity of nifrolidine, Ki=2.89 nmol/L, was measured for the α4β2 sites, whereas weaker affinities (>30 nmol/L) were measured for the α3β2 and α3β4 sites. Affinities for α7 sites using 125I-α-bungaratoxin in brain slices revealed no measurable displacement up to a concentration of 30 nmol/L (data not shown). These findings suggest that among the 4 nAChR receptor subtypes tested, nifrolidine is a relatively selective compound to study the α4β2 receptor subtypes.

Radiosynthesis

Radiosynthesis of 18F-nifrolidine required 2 steps. In the first step, 18F radiolabeling was performed by reacting the corresponding tosylate with 18F-fluoride (either from an MC-17 Scanditronix cyclotron or a RDS112 cyclotron) using Kryptofix 2.2.2. and K2CO3 in CH3CN at 100° C. for 15 min. This product was purified in reverse-phase HPLC as shown in FIG. 5. The radioactive peak was collected and the solvents were removed. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and used for the subsequent deprotection step. The purified radiolabeled BOC derivative was then deprotected (deprotection of the N—BOC-protecting group) with TFA at 80° C. for 25 min. This product mixture was again purified by HPLC. Radiosynthesis and 2 HPLC purifications took approximately 2.5 h and yielded the product in approximately 20%-40% decay-corrected radiochemical yield to provide 18F-nifrolidine in specific activities of 111-185 GBq/μmol. The high specific activity for nAChR ligands is essential because of the low concentration of these receptors in the brain and also because of the associated toxicity of these agents. To reduce total production time, only 1 HPLC purification was performed after the completion of the deprotection. The HPLC purification profile of this process is shown in FIG. 4B. Specific activities of 18F-nifrolidine were comparable with the 2-step purification and were produced in approximately 2 h in radiochemical yields of 20%-40%.

In Vitro Autoradiographic Studies

As seen in FIG. 5A, in vitro autoradiography in coronal rat brain slices revealed selective binding of 18F-nifrolidine to thalamus, DLG, and other brain regions, such as the Ctx, known to contain α4β2 sites. The hippocampus did not reveal any selective binding. Specific binding of 18F-nifrolidine was completely abolished by 300 μmol/L nicotine in these brain regions. In horizontal slices, binding of 18F nifrolidine was in the order thalamus>Ctx>striata>cerebellum, consistent with the known distribution of α4β2 receptor sites. The anteroventral thalamic nucleus (AV) exhibited the highest amount of binding, as shown in FIGS. 5B and 5C, and is consistent with previous autoradiographic studies with ¹²⁵I-IEB (26). Portions of the subiculum also exhibited significant amounts of 18F-nifrolidine binding, which is known to contain α4β2 receptor sites (26). The cerebellum showed some binding (approximately 8% of that found in the AV). Nicotine at 10 μmol/L was able to partially displace the selective binding in various brain regions (FIG. 5B). These findings suggested the ability of 18F-nifrolidine to bind to α4β2 receptor-rich regions.

In Vivo Rat Biodistribution Studies

Table 1 shows the binding in the various brain regions. Levels in the blood decreased from 0.25% ID/g at 2 min to <0.03% ID/g at 120 min. Binding in the thalamus was highest (>0.3% ID/g) at 60 min, after which time it exhibited significant clearance. The thalamus-to-cerebellum ratio was about 3 at 60 min. Binding in the Ctx was greater than that in the cerebellum. Ratios of the thalamus to the cerebellum decreased at 120 min, indicative of clearance of the radiotracer from receptor sites. Blocking studies were performed by subcutaneous injection of nicotine tartarate (10 mg/kg), which decreased binding in the thalamus (Table 1). These results suggest that 18F-nifrolidine is stable in vivo in rodents, is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, and is able to bind preferentially to α4β2 receptor-rich regions, and the binding to receptor sites is reversible. Rats were preinjected subcutaneously with nicotine ditartarate (10 mg/kg) 5 min before injection of 3.7 MBq of 18F-nifrolidine. NT=not tested. Groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=3) were injected intravenously with 3.7 MBq of 18F-nifrolidine and sacrificed at different times.

TABLE 1 BIODISTRIBUTION OF 18F-NIFROLIDINE IN RATS % ID/g in various regions Thalamus-to-cerebellum ratio Time (min) Blood Thalamus Cortex Cerebellum Control Before nicotine* 2 0.25 ± 0.09 0.26 ± 0.05 0.21 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.03 1.30 NT 60 0.14 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.07 0.25 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.02 3.08 1.8 120 0.04 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.03 0.13 ± 0.04 0.10 ± 0.02 1.40 NT

Monkey PET Studies

Given the promising results in rodents, we then performed a PET study of 18F-nifrolidine on an anesthetized rhesus monkey using an ECAT EXACT HR scanner. The monkey was administered 155 MBq of high-specific-activity (185 GBq/μmol) 18F-nifrolidine. Vital signs were closely monitored; the monkey did not exhibit any unusual deviations from the baseline values. Correlation with rhesus brain MRI templates (FIG. 6A) indicated a significant amount of binding in the thalamic regions seen in axial, coronal, and sagittal slices (FIG. 6B). The temporal Ctx and frontal Ctx had significant amounts of uptake, whereas the occipital Ctx exhibited lower binding. The cerebellum and brain stem had the least amount of uptake. A closer look at the axial slices is shown in FIG. 6C. The anteroventral thalamus (AVT), anteromedial thalamus (AMT), and ventrolateral thalamus (VLT) were regions that showed the highest uptake, which is consistent with the reported distribution of the α4β2 receptor subtype in the rhesus monkeys (31). Regions of moderate levels of binding included the lateral geniculate (LG; tentatively assigned) and cingulate gyrus (CG), both of which are known to contain significant proportions of the α4β2 receptor subtype (31). Cortical regions such as insular Ctx (IC; tentatively assigned) and regions of the temporal Ctx (TC) showed relatively more binding than other cortical regions. Some binding was also observed in other parts of the frontal Ctx (FC), occipital Ctx (OC), caudate (Cd), and cerebellum (Cb). Time-activity curves for the various brain regions are shown in FIG. 7A. Selective maximal uptake occurred in regions of the AVT and AMT (0.011% ID/mL), followed by the VLT (0.10% ID/mL). Significant selective binding was also seen in the FC and TC. Regions such as the striatum, for example, the caudate, showed little binding. The Cb showed a significant amount of uptake that slowly cleared during the course of the scan. The thalamus-to-Cb ratio approached a plateau of 1.7 in 120 min, whereas the cortical regions exhibited ratios of 1.3 in 120 min (FIG. 7B). These findings suggest that 18F-nifrolidine may be able to approach transient equilibrium somewhat sooner (about 2.5 hrs) than has been found with 2-18F-A85380 (22).

FIG. 8 depicts exemplary results from horizontal brain slices of rat brain showing binding of ¹⁸F-nifene to alpha-4-beta2 receptors in the thalamus, presubiculum, and cortex in brain slice A which reflects the concentration of the receptors. Nicotine at a concentration of 60 μM was able to rapidly reverse the binding of 18F-nifene as seen in brain slice B. Here, darker colors represent higher concentration of the receptors. Cerebellum does not contain significant amount of these receptors as evidenced by the above experiment.

Discussion of Results

The initial design strategy for this series of compounds was to incorporate fluoroalkyl groups at the 5-position on the pyridine ring in the pyridylether compounds (FIG. 1D). The n-propyl and n-3′-fluoropropyl derivative maintain a high degree of structural similarity. Therefore, as a first derivative in our fluoroalkyl series, we developed the putative antagonist nifrolidine as a potential PET agent for this receptor. Radiolabeled 5-iodo-A85865 (Ki=1.2 nmol/L), which is structurally similar to nifrolidine (an iodine instead of the 3′-fluoropropyl group), has shown some selective retention in the thalamus in SPECT studies (23).

The synthesis of nifrolidine was accomplished using modifications of reported procedures for the synthesis of the pyridylethers. One of the unique aspects in contemplated compounds is the inclusion of the 5-(3′-fluoropropyl) group on the pyridine ring (FIG. 2). This required functionalization of the alkyl group both for introducing fluorine and for eventual radiolabeling with ¹⁸F. As in the case of dopamine D2 or D3 receptor agent fallypride, an allyl group was introduced at the 5-position to accomplish this task. The allyl group was converted to the corresponding alcohol. The alcohol thus served to introduce the fluorine or the ¹⁸F in the molecule. The yields of the various reaction steps were modest and are being currently optimized for the production of other derivatives. Nifrolidine was prepared as a p-toluenesulfonate salt for in vitro binding studies. Taking advantage of the binding of ¹²⁵I-IEB to α4β2, α3β2, and α3β4 receptor subtypes, binding affinities of these sites for nifrolidine were determined autoradiographically as reported.

Nifrolidine exhibited high affinity (Ki=2.89 nmol/L) in the high affinity of 5-alkylated pyridylethers for this receptor subtype. Incorporation of the fluorine atom in the alkyl side chain did not have a detrimental effect on the binding of the compound. Weaker affinities (>30 nmol/L) were obtained for α3β2 and α3β4 receptor sites, thus demonstrating the good selectivity of nifrolidine for the α4β2 receptors. This is in contrast to the agonist A-85380, which has comparable affinities for α4β2 and α3β2 subtypes. Using ¹²⁵I-bungaratoxin, affinities for α7 receptor sites were also found to be weak. Based on these initial binding studies, nifrolidine seems to have good selectivity for α4β2 sites over α3β2, α3β4, and α7 sites. In vitro binding affinities for other nonnicotinic receptor sites have yet to be performed.

The radiosynthesis of 18F-nifrolidine required a 2-step procedure because of a need to protect the pyrrolidine nitrogen using a BOC-protecting group. The N—BOC-protecting group has been used previously in the radiosynthesis of 18F-fluoro-A85380. The first step, nucleophilic displacement of the tosylate group, proceeded in high radiochemical yields and was typically done either in a computer-controlled CPCU box or in a nuclear interface box. This product was purified in high specific activities and was deprotected using TFA. A second chromatographic purification resulted in the final purified product 18F-nifrolidine with specific activities of 111-185 GBq/μmol. We have now also purified the product in a single HPLC purification with high specific activities (>111 GBq/μmol).

Specific activity is an important issue in imaging nAChRs. First, the receptors are in very small concentrations in the brain (1-6 fmol/mg in rat brains), which requires a high specific activity to avoid saturating the receptor sites. Second, there may be issues of toxicity with the nAChR imaging agents requiring radioligands with higher specific activities. Binding of 18F-nifrolidine in rat brain slices revealed a specificity toward brain regions rich in α4β2 receptor. FIGS. 5A and 5B shows maximal binding in the AV, followed by other regions of the thalamus, including dorsal geniculate. This is consistent with the distribution observed for the α4β2 receptor subtype. Although the hippocampus has little α4β2, regions of the subiculum exhibited significant binding. The FC and striata had significant amounts of binding. The Cb exhibited the lowest amount of binding (FIG. 5C). The Cb, generally used as a reference region in some studies, does contain α4β2 receptors. Thus, care must be taken to identify a reference region in these studies. For example, in rodents an area within the hippocampus known to contain the lowest concentration of α4β2 receptors can be considered as a reference region. This low binding in the hippocampus is evident in FIGS. 5A and 5B. Nicotine (300/mol/L) was able to completely block binding of 18F-nifrolidine to the receptor sites, whereas lower amounts of nicotine (10 μmol/L) revealed some residual specific binding. These findings suggested the ability of 18F-nifrolidine to localize in regions of α4β2 receptors in vitro and is consistent with previously reported radioligands.

The brain distribution in rats revealed the ability of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and localize selectively in brain regions such as the thalamus. The maximal thalamus-to-Cb ratio was found to be 3 in about 60 min after injection. Although this uptake ratio is low compared with that of other radiotracers, it does indicate that ¹⁸F-nifrolidine may be able to achieve a transient equilibrium in vivo in 2-3 h. The selectivity of binding to the thalamus (and reduction of the thalamus-to-Cb ratio on nicotine pretreatment) indicated promising in vivo characteristics. The imaging study in a rhesus monkey indicated good uptake of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine in the various regions of the brain. Coregistration with the MRI template confirmed localization of ¹⁸F-nifrolidine to the thalamus (FIGS. 6A and 6B). The thalamus exhibited the highest amount of binding, which is consistent with previous reports using other radioligands, such as 2-¹⁸F-A85380 and ¹⁸F-epibatidine analogs. Binding was also seen in other parts of the brain, such as the TC and other cortical regions. The Cb and brain stem showed lower binding compared with that of the thalamus and Ctx. Several extrathalamic regions were identified in the serial axial slices. The CG, FC, areas in the TC, insular cortex, VLT, and LG were identifiable. These regions have not been identified previously with the agonist-based radiotracers. Time-activity curves in FIG. 7A reveal a plateauing effect in various regions, including the thalamus. Maximal binding in the thalamus occurs after 70 min following injection. Clearance from the Cb is slow; previous studies have shown a small amount of specific binding in the Cb to α4β2 receptors. In this study, the Cb was used as the reference region; other potential reference regions with lower α4β2 receptors in the monkey studies are being investigated because the Cb has been considered inadequate as a reference region. The ratio between the thalamus and the Cb was approximately 1.7 at about 140 min after injection (FIG. 7B). Thalamus-to-Cb ratios for the pyridylether PET radiotracers have ranged from 1.8 to 2.8 at 2 h after injection, whereas the epibatidine analogs have shown ratios of 2.9-4.2 at 2 h. Plateauing of the thalamus to-Cb ratio in 150 min in the case of 18F-nifrolidine may reflect faster kinetics. In vitro and in vivo studies are currently underway to further validate the in vivo kinetic parameters of 18F-nifrolidine and other structural analogs.

Thus, specific embodiments and applications of labeled alpha-4-beta-2 ligands and methods therefor have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced. Furthermore, where a definition or use of a term in a reference, which is incorporated by reference herein is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply.

REFERENCES

Unless stated otherwise, all publications and patents are incorporated by reference herein. Where a definition or use of a term in a reference, which is incorporated by reference herein is inconsistent or contrary to the definition of that term provided herein, the definition of that term provided herein applies and the definition of that term in the reference does not apply.

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1. A compound according to Formula I

in which X is CH═CH, CH═N, N═CH, O, S, or NR₃, where R₃ is hydrogen or optionally substituted lower alkyl; Y is O, S, or NR₃;

is an optional double bond; Q is optionally substituted lower alkyl; R₁ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, halogen isotope, leaving group, trialkyltin, and trialkylamine; or Q and R₁ taken together are null where

is a double bond and where n is 1 or 2; Z is independently halogen, halogen isotope, NO₂, or trialkylamine; m and n are independently 0 to 3, inclusive; and R₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted lower alkyl, and a nitrogen protecting group.
 2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein X is N═CN, Y is O, R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl, Q is propyl, m is 1 and n is 0, and wherein R₁ is fluoride or radiolabeled fluoride.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein

is a double bond.
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein X is N═CN, Y is O, R₂ is hydrogen or alkyl, Q and R₁ taken together are null, wherein

is a double bond, and wherein n is 1 or
 2. 5. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula II

wherein R₁′ and R₁″ are independently defined as R₁; with the proviso that where

is a single bond and where Y is O, R₁′ and R₁″ are not fluoride when R₁ is hydrogen; and with the further proviso that where R₁′ and R₁″ are hydrogen R₁ is not halogen, alkyl, or aryl.
 6. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula III

with the proviso that where R₂ is hydrogen and Y is O, R₁ is a halogen other than I.
 7. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula IV


8. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula V


9. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula VI


10. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula VII


11. The compound of claim 1 having a structure according to Formula VIII


12. The compound of claim 1 wherein the compound is an antagonist of an α4β2 receptor.
 13. A method of diagnosing a mammal having a disease associated with an α4β2 receptor dysfunction comprising a step of administering to the mammal a labeled compound according to claim 1 at a dosage effective to at least one of locate and quantify in vivo binding of the labeled compound to the α4β2 receptor.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the labeled compound comprises a halogen isotope suitable for detecting the compound in vivo using PET or SPECT.
 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the step of administering comprises parenteral administration of the labeled compound.
 16. The method of claim 13 wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cognitive dysfunction, an anxiety disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, schizophrenia, pain, depression, epilepsy, Tourette's syndrome, small-cell lung carcinoma, and tobacco dependence.
 17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 at a concentration effective to treat a disease associated with α4β2 receptor dysfunction.
 18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the concentration is effective to provide an antagonist effect at the α4β2 receptor.
 19. The composition of claim 17 wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of a cognitive dysfunction, an anxiety disorder, a neurodegenerative disease, schizophrenia, pain, depression, epilepsy, Tourette's syndrome, small-cell lung carcinoma, and tobacco dependence.
 20. The composition of claim 17, formulated for oral administration. 